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Fibre2fashion asked:


Different kinds of fibres are available now-a-days. These fibres are mainly divided into two categories natural and man made. They are also categorized by the generations as they were produced in the different years and known as first generation, second generation, third generation or fourth generation fibres.

History of man made fibres

The fibres generated first were the natural fibres. In this category cotton, wool, silk and all other animal and plant fibres are included. These fibres were introduced first 4000 years back but their uses were continued till 1940. All these fibres are known as first generation fibres. Very delicate handling is needed for these fibres. Fibres like silks and cottons have not good resistance against moths, wrinkles, wear and washings. So discovery of durable fibres was a greater need and about one century ago first synthesized fibres Rayon/Nylon were produced. These fibres are cheaper in comparison with natural ones. The development of these new fibres opened up fibre application to the various fields like medicine, aeronautics, home furnishing and modern apparels. Fibre engineers produced many new fibres by combining new synthetic fibres with the natural ones.

In the year 1664 the first attempt was done to make artificial fibre, but success was achieved after 200 years only. A Swiss chemist Audemars first patented artificial fibre in England in 1855. He produced that by dissolving the fibrous inner bark of the mulberry tree and produced cellulose by modifying it chemically. He made threads from the solution by dripping needle in the solution and then drawing them out. His attempt was good but he could not copy the silkworm. He had done experiments with the solution similar to Audemars solution.

French chemist Hilaire de Chardonnet was the first one to produce artificial silk commercially in the year 1889. Later on he was known as father of rayon industry because he was the first to produce rayon commercially on large scales.

All the attempts of producing artificial silk failed till the year 1900 but in the year 1910 Samuel Courtaulds and Co. Ltd, formed the American Viscose Company and did production of rayon.

Arthur D. Little of Boston made a film from acetate which is a cellulosic product in the year 1983 and in the year 1910 Henry Dreyfus and Camille made toilet articles and motion picture film from acetate in Switzerland. In the year 1924 Celanese Company made fibre from the acetate and it was the very first use of acetate in the textile industry. At that time the demand of rayon was high because it was available on the half of the price than raw silk to the textile manufacturers so U.S. rayon production flourished to meet those higher demands.

About Nylon

The miracle fibre called Nylon was invented in the September 1931 at the research laboratory of DuPont Company. They saw giant molecules of these polymers when they were working on Nylon ‘66’ and Nylon ‘6’.

Nylon is completely synthetic fibre obtained from petrochemicals and is very different from Rayon and Acetate which are made up of cellulosic material of plants. The discovery of Nylon started a new era of manufactured fibres.

A change in life style

In the year 1939 commercial production of nylon was started by DuPont. In the very beginning on the experimental basis they used nylon in parachute fabric, in women’s hosiery and in sewing thread. Nylon stockings were firstly visible to the public at the San Francisco Exposition in February 1939.

At the times of war, Asian silk was replaced by nylon in parachutes. The other uses of Nylon are in military supplies, ponchos, tyres, ropes, tents and in the high grade paper to make U.S. currency. At the time of war cotton was the most commonly used fibre and its uses were more then 80% than any other fibres. Another 20% is shared by wool and other manufactured fibres. August 1945 was the time of ending of war, at that time cotton shares 75% of the fibre market and rise of 15% was seen in the market of manufactured fibres.

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Copyright © 2007

Burt Schwartz asked:


A cable tie, available in different colours and textures is a sort of a snap that is used for the purpose of fastening several assortments of cable or wires together. It has both commercial and military uses. Moreover, it has many colloquial terms such as, ‘rat belt’, ‘quick draw’, ‘mouse belt’, ‘tie wrap’.

Cable ties have a tough nylon strip with a cog included and the other end having a ratchet with a small case for tying up together. The pointed tip of the cable is used to pull through this open case for fastening things together, be it a bundle of wires or any other thing meant to be tied securely. In other words, it helps keep them organized into a cable tree. However, once the cable tie goes past the ratchet, the resultant loop can only be made tighter and cannot be pulled in the reverse direction.

Furthermore, a cable tie tensioning device is also useful to achieve a particular extent of tension while tying things up and it also cuts off any extra tail to keep away from injuries as a result of any sharp edge left behind.

It is also used as an improvised handcuff in places like USA, UK and Panama. These, specifically made for the prisoners are also known as ‘plasticuffs’ which are made keeping the cable tie design in focus. One of its other uses is to avoid wheel trims termed as ‘hubcaps’ from falling off vehicles while in journey. Therefore, various designs and sizes of cable ties are available according to different uses these days.

Since sunlight carries ultra violet rays, it usually ruins light and transparent nylon colours, therefore, black cable ties are becoming very useful for outdoor applications and have been the most preferred too. Similarly, red cable ties are used for plenum cabling and they are made of ‘halar’ (ECTFE), whereas, the blue ones made of ‘tefzel’ (ETFE) are used in environments which are rich in radiation.

These days it is common practice that manufacturers of electronic goods maintain a standard of including some essential cable ties in their delivered products. This not only makes the product organized but helps in reaching the customer safe and sound.

The concept of cable ties has gone far beyond the orthodox thinking. They are not only limited to nylon but are available in many varieties such as stainless steel cable ties, non releasable nylon cable ties, millipede cable ties etcetera. Moreover, the internet paves way for further knowledge and use of cable ties that are now available easily. Many websites have eased out online purchase of cable ties and the industry has expanded so much that information seekers can now be a phone call away from knowing about the various stocks of cable ties available in their cities and states. This category has a vast market of its own and usually caters to manufacturers and wholesalers dealing in the sale and distribution of their units. Other than this, it has a diverse range of uses.

eisguptas asked:


Lingerie is a general term for undergarments or underwear.   The word lingerie came from lingerie, a French word that means "washables."  The first undergarments in Europe were made from linen, hence the l lingerie.   When cotton was introduced from Egypt and India, cotton underwear was born.    

Lingerie, as it is used in the English language, is more commonly associated with women’s underwear.  It connotes those undergarments made from lace, silk, satin, or nylon.   The aesthetic appeal of the underwear is emphasized more than its functionality.  This was said to been initiated by the American lingerie retailer, Frederick’s of Hollywood, during the 1960s.  

There are several types of lingerie.  The most common ones include baby dolls, bus tiers and camisoles, chemises and mini dresses, corsets, garter belts, panties, teddies, and thongs.  Some stores have what they call "special collections" for Valentine’s Day or for honeymoon.  There are also collections for those who wish to wear something sexy for costume parties.

A baby doll is a nightgown that is often loose, sleeveless, and short.  Baby dolls are often made from nylon, silk, or chiffon and are adorned with ruffles, ribbons, or lace. The name was said to have been derived from the film Baby Doll shown during the 1950s.

Bus tiers and camisoles are similar because they’re worn in the upper part of the body.  Unlike the baby doll, they’re more often tight fitting,  as they usually used to push up the breasts and shape the waist.  Similar to these are corsets.  Although corsets have different purposes in fashion, medicine, and sexual fetishism.

In contrast to bustier and camisoles, chemises and mini dresses are loose and are rather similar to the baby doll.    However, chemises aren’t always sleeveless.   It is said that the look of the shirts nowadays originated from the early designs of chemises.

Garters are generally used for holding up the stockings and are not limited to women’s apparel.  The ones worn by women are often made from lace or silk. 

Panties are the most common type of underwear.  Different types of panties include briefs, boy shorts, bikinis, tangas, thongs, and G-string.   In places such as India, Ireland, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and South Africa, panties are usually referred to as knickers.

Nathania Heckert asked:


These days zip ties and cable ties are giving duct tape a run for its money. Generally known for their primary function of bundling cables and cords, zip ties are a versatile product, increasingly being utilized for a variety of creative purposes. Here’s a top ten list of wild and wacky cable tie applications.

Heart Surgery

Students at Johns Hopkins University came up with the idea of using cable ties to close up a chest after heart surgery. The zip ties are threaded through the rib cage and fastened around the sternum.

Industrial Art

Sculptor Emily Dvorin uses cable ties in her modern art pieces. In some sculptures, the cable ties are the star of the show, fanning out from the center and displaying their glory. In other works, the ties are functional, fastening together various parts of the masterpiece they support.

Fishing

The wire sides of a crab cage can be connected using, you guessed it, zip ties. They also make good lobster cuffs and are great for organizing tackle and tools.

Emergency Fasteners

Cable ties really come through in a bind. When a zipper or button on busts on a pair of pants, a cable tie can be threaded through the belt loops, holding everything together. When a shoe lace breaks, a cable tie is a quick replacement.

Pet Care

Can’t find the dog’s collar? Try a zip tie. Just be careful not to secure it too tightly. And if the precious pooch has chewed through yet another leash, create a chain of cable ties for an insta-leash.

Handcuffs

Too many criminals and not enough handcuffs? Break out some cable ties and secure the conniving thieves until the police car reaches the station.

Costumes

Whether for theater or Halloween, costumes have their awkward moments. But wardrobe malfunctions can be avoided with an ample supply of cable ties. Pull together the back of a corset or help out a stubborn zipper. Feeling inventive? Join the ranks of the creative few who have mastered the art of constructing entire costumes out of zip ties!

Travel

Bright, fluorescent cable ties can help identify a suitcase at baggage claim. This can help avoid all sorts of hassles, from thinking every black bag is yours to accidentally picking up the wrong suitcase.

Event Decorations

Put the construction paper away and get out the cable ties. It’s time to make garland for that holiday or birthday party! Simply link together a bunch of individual zip ties and hang them around the room in a festive manner. Add industrial flair by fashioning a zip tie chandelier or mobile.

Keys

Keys are plentiful enough without adding a fancy shmancy keychain to bulk up a pocket or purse. Loop a cable tie through a set of keys and you’re good to go.

Don’t let the cable guy have all the fun. Stock up on cable ties and let your imagination do the zipping.

Camille Howe asked:


When you are planning any business or industrial process, one of the main considerations to bear in mind is the way in which materials are to be moved around. Inevitably, there are a number of calculations that must be made in this process, but the normal method of ensuring the best internal distribution is to use people. When you need to be able to carry out complex stock movements within a factory or other industrial facility, having well trained staff who are properly equipped to succeed is the foundation for efficiency. While there are modern technological solutions that promise full automation of the workplace, the best solution in terms of flexibility is still the hand trucks that have served industry for more than a century.

Whether you want to move enormously heavy and unwieldy items around a warehouse, or have the need for small components to be taken out to individual work stations, hand trucks come in a form that is perfect for the task. There are literally dozens of hand trucks and carts available that are perfect for a role within the workplace, and choosing the right one for your needs is often simpler than you would think.

The first factor to consider when selecting the hand trucks that best fit in with your business model is the kind of loads that you need to move. For large quantities of relatively heavy items, a flat platform truck is probably the best option. Steel versions offer up to 18 square feet of space, which is plenty for a number of boxes, and can easily carry up to two tons of components or other materials.

Lighter and smaller components are better served with trolley style carts, which can carry the items on multiple tiers to prevent them from getting quashed, or to segment orders from staff into different areas, and make distribution simpler.

With high clearance hand trucks with pneumatic tires available for outdoor use on farms and gardens, and trucks that have been designed especially to carry a specific kind of load such as plates of glass, delicate cartons, and even pipes available, there is no realistic excuse for not having the exact cart required for whatever job you need to do.

One thing that is important to consider when choosing the right hand trucks for your business needs is whether you want them to be pushed or pulled. Push trucks are generally best for delivering stock such as components to individual work stations. Provided they are designed with two swivel casters, they are easy to control in use, although they are restricted to lower weights. For very heavy loads, pull carts are better, as the operator will find it easier to stop and start without losing control; however these can be unwieldy in use, and difficult to maneuver in small areas.

Examples of various hand trucks include Dual Handle, “P” Handle, Fiber/Nylon, Convertible, Dual-Directional, Appliance Carts, Deluxe Aluminum, Steel Stair, Stair (four handles), High Back Aluminum with Push Out, Aluminum Ergonomic and Four Wheel Multi-Position Steel Hand Trucks.